Law of Su??l? ?nd D?m?nd D?finiti?n, Ex?l?in?d, Ex?m?l??

Law of Su??l? ?nd D?m?nd D?finiti?n, Ex?l?in?d, Ex?m?l?? Th? ?rin?i?l? ?f ?u??l? ?nd d?m?nd is one ?f th? m??t im??rt?nt ??n???t? in microeconomics. It h?l?? u? und?r?t?nd h?w ?nd wh? tr?n???ti?n? ?n m?rk?t? take ?l??? ?nd h?w ?ri??? are d?t?rmin?d.We have ?ll b??n in that ?itu?ti?n wh?r? th?r? i?n’t ?n?ugh ?f the product w? w?nt t? bu? in th? m?rk?t ?u?h that the ?ri?? in?r????? ?nd only th??? with more m?n?? can ?ff?rd to bu? th?m.T?k? f?r example, ?n ?u?ti?n, where too m?n? ????l? ?r? bidding for ?n antique product th?t is limit?d in numb?r ?? ??????d t? ?itu?ti?n? wh?r? there are just t?? many g??ds, but too f?w bu??rs.T?k? f?r example, th??? tim?? wh?n g?? w?? cheap because ?v?r? g?? ?t?ti?n h?d gas ?nd inother to ??ll, th?? h?d t? lower th? ?ri?? a bit in ?th?r to ??m??l customers to buy from them r?th?r th?n th? ??m??tit?r.All these ??n b? ?x?l?in?d by th? forces ?f d?m?nd and supply.Basically, wh?n a l?t ?f ????l? want a ?r?du?t that i? limit?d in supply, the ?ri?? goes u? as ??????d to when th?r? i? t?? mu?h of that ?r?du?t in t he m?rk?t th?t ??u??? sellers t? l?w?r th? price in ?th?r t? sell.Economics i? a ?tud? ?f market th?t comprises a group ?f buyers ?nd ??ll?r? of a particular ?r?du?t or ??rvi??.The w?rking? ?f th? m?rk?t ???t?m are governed b? th??? two f?r???, demand and ?u??l?.Th??? tw? f?r??? ?l?? a ?ru?i?l r?l? in d?t?rmining the ?ri?? of a ?r?du?t ?nd ?iz? of th? m?rk?t.“Th? demand f?r g??d? i? a ??h?dul? ?f th? ?m?unt? th?t buyers would be willing t? ?ur?h??? ?t ?ll possible prices at ?n? ?n? in?t?nt of tim?” Pr?f Mayers Demand r?f?r? to the willingness ?r ?bilit? of a bu??r t? ??? f?r a ??rti?ul?r ?r?du?t.In ?th?r w?rd? demand ??n be defined ?? th? ?u?ntit? of a ?r?du?t that a buyer desires t? purchase ?t a ????ifi? price and tim? ??ri?d.The d?m?nd f?r a product i? influ?n??d b? a number ?f f??t?r?, ?u?h ?? ?ri?? ?f th? product, ?h?ng? in customers’ ?r?f?r?n???, ?nd ?t?nd?rd ?f living.I? d?m?nd the ??m? ?? ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d?In ???n?mi? t?rmin?l?g?, d?m?nd i? n?t th? same ?? quantity d? m?nd?d. When ???n?mi?t? t?lk ?b?ut d?m?nd, th?? m??n th? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n a range ?f ?ri??? ?nd the ?u?ntiti?? d?m?nd?d ?t th??? ?ri???, ?? illustrated by a d?m?nd ?urv? ?r a d?m?nd ??h?dul?. When ???n?mi?t? talk ?b?ut ?u?ntit? demanded, they m??n ?nl? a certain ??int ?n th? d?m?nd ?urv?, ?r ?n? quantity ?n th? d?m?nd ??h?dul?. In short, d?m?nd refers t? th? ?urv? ?nd ?u?ntit? demanded r?f?r? t? the (????ifi?) ??int on the curve.Th? d?m?nd f?r a ?r?du?t in th? market i? g?v?rn?d by th? law of d?m?nd, which states th?t th? demand f?r a product decreases with in?r???? in it? ?ri??? ?nd vi?? v?r??, whil? other f??t?r? r?m?in ??n?t?nt (All thing? being ??u?l).In th? market system, bu??r? constitute the d?m?nd f?r a ?r?du?t, whil? sellers r??r???nt th? supply ?id? of th? product in th? m?rk?t.Su??l? r?f?r? t? th? quantity ?f a ?r?du?t th?t a seller ?gr??? t? ??ll in the market ?t a particular price within a ????ifi? ??int ?f time.Th?r? ?r? various d?t?rmin?nt? ?f ?u??l?, in?luding pr ice ?f a ?r?du?t, ???t ?f ?r?du?ti?n, g?v?rnm?nt policies, ?nd t??hn?l?g?.Unlik? d?m?nd, the l?w ?f ?u??l? ?x?r????? the direct r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n th? ?u??l? ?nd ?ri?? ?f a ?r?du?t, while ?th?r f??t?r? remain the ??m?.In ?im?l? w?rd?, th? law of ?u??l? ?t?t?? the ?u??l? of a product in?r????? with in?r???? in its ?ri?? ?th?r f??t?r? ?t constant.I? ?u??l? th? ??m? as ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d?In ???n?mi? terminology, ?u??l? is not th? same as ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d. Wh?n economists r?f?r to ?u??l?, they m??n the relationship b?tw??n a r?ng? of prices and the ?u?ntiti?? supplied ?t th??? ?ri???, a r?l?ti?n?hi? th?t ??n b? illu?tr?t?d with a ?u??l? ?urv? ?r a ?u??l? schedule. When economists r?f?r to ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d, they m??n ?nl? a ??rt?in ??int on th? supply ?urv?, or one quantity ?n th? ?u??l? ??h?dul?. In short, ?u??l? r?f?r? t? the ?urv? ?nd ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d r?f?r? t? th? (????ifi?) ??int ?n the ?urv?.Th? int?r??ti?n b?tw??n demand ?nd supply helps in d?t?rmining th? m?rk?t ??uilibrium ? ri?? ?f a product.E?uilibrium ?ri?? r?f?r? to th? price wh?r? the ?u?ntit? demanded of a product b? buyers i? ??u?l t? th? quantity supplied b? sellers.In other words, equilibrium ?ri?? i? a ?ri?? wh?n th?r? i? a b?l?n?? between m?rk?t demand ?nd supply.The ??uilibrium ?ri?? ?f a product ??n ?h?ng? du? to v?ri?u? ??nditi?n?, ?u?h ?? reduction in cost of ?r?du?ti?n, fall in th? price ?f substitutes, ?nd unf?v?r?bl? climatic conditions. C?n?um?r?In this ????, ??n?um?r? are all th? economic units th?t ?r? ??t?nti?ll? willing to bu? a ??rt?in g??d ?r ??rvi??.Th? ??tu?l demand f?r said g??d or ??rvi?? depends ?n diff?r?nt v?ri?bl??.For n?w w? will focus only on th? most im??rt?nt one, th? ?ri??. F?r most g??d? and ??rvi??? w? ??n ??? th?t demand will in?r???? as th? ?ri?? f?ll? ?nd vi?? v?r??.Thi? ??tu?ll? seems pretty ?bvi?u?: Ju?t think ?b?ut h?w many ????l? w?uld bu? a Ferrari if th?? w?r? not th?t ?x??n?iv?.ProducersProducers ?n the other h?nd are th? ones th?t ?r? ??t?nti?ll? willin g t? produce ?nd sell a ??rt?in g??d ?r ??rvi??.Th? ??tu?l ?u??l? again d???nd? on multiple v?ri?bl??, ??t ?? w? did before w? will focus only ?n th? ?ri?? for n?w. For m??t g??d? ?nd ??rvi??? thi? im?li?? that supply will decrease ?? the ?ri?? falls ?nd vi?? versa.Ag?in th? r????ning b?hind thi? i? r?th?r simple: If you w?r? to ??ll ice ?r??m ??u w?uld ?r?b?bl? try ?nd sell ?? much ?? ??u could if prices w?r? high, b???u?? you ??uld m?k? a good ?r?fit.H?w?v?r, if ?ri??? were t? fall (m??b? ?v?n b???nd ??ur ?r?du?ti?n cost) it w?uld not be ?r?fit?bl? to ??ll ice cream anymore ?nd you would ?r?du?? l???.S?m? ?f the m?n?g?m?nt ?x??rt? h?v? d?fin?d d?m?nd in th? f?ll?wing w???:A???rding t? Pr?f. B?nh?m,“Th? d?m?nd for ?n?thing, at a giv?n ?ri?? i? the ?m?unt ?f it whi?h will b? b?ught ??r unit of time at th? ?ri??.”A???rding to Prof Hibd?n,“D?m?nd m??n? th? v?ri?u? quantities ?f goods that w?uld b? purchased per time period at diff?r?nt prices in a giv?n m?rk?t.”From the ?f?r?m ?nti?n?d definitions, it ??n b? concluded th?t d?m?nd implies a d??ir? supported by an ?bilit? ?nd willingness ?f ?n individu?l to ??? f?r a ??rti?ul?r product.If ?n individual does n?t h?v? sufficient r???ur??? ?r ?ur?h??ing ??w?r t? buy a ??rti?ul?r ?r?du?t, th?n hi?/h?r d??ir? ?l?n? w?uld n?t b? r?g?rd?d ?? demand.For instance, if an individu?l desires t? ?ur?h??? a ?riv?t? j?t ?nd d??? not h?v? ?d??u?t? ?m?unt ?f money t? purchase that j?t, his/her d??ir? i? not ??n?id?r?d as demand f?r a ?riv?t? j?t, r?th?r it i? considered as wi?hful thinking or d?? dr??ming whi?h has n?thing t? d? with economics.Al??, if ?n ?fflu?nt individu?l d??ir?? to purchase a ?riv?t? j?t, but d??? not have willingn??? to ???nd th? m?n?? t? purchase th?t ?riv?t? j?t, th?n hi?/h?r d??ir? i? ?l?? not considered ?? d?m?nd b???u?? he d??? h?v? th? m?n?? but he doesn’t w?nt t? ???nd it.Th?r?f?r?, we ??n say that effective d?m?nd is th? d??ir? backed b? the ?ur?h??ing power ?nd willingn??? of ?n individu?l t ? ??? for a ??rti?ul?r product.An ?ff??tiv? d?m?nd h?? three ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? n?m?l?, d??ir?, willingness, and ?bilit? ?f ?n individu?l to ??? for a ?r?du?t.Th?r?f?r?, d?m?nd for a ?riv?t? j?t ??n ?nl? be ??n?id?r?d as d?m?nd if an ?fflu?nt m?n w?nt? t? bu? a j?t ?nd i? r??d? ?nd willing to spend hi? or h?r m?n?? buying it.Th? d?m?nd for a product i? ?lw??? d?fin?d in r?f?r?n?? to thr?? k?? f??t?r?, ?ri??, time, ?nd m?rk?t ?l???.These thr?? factors contribute a major ??rt in und?r?t?nding the ??n???t ?f demand. The omission of ?n? of th??? factors w?uld m?k? th? ??n???t ?f d?m?nd meaningless ?nd v?gu?.F?r ?x?m?l?, the ?t?t?m?nt, “th? demand for a milk product i? 200”. N?ith?r ??nv??? ?n? m??ning, nor d??? h?v? ?n? use f?r ???n?mi? analysis or bu?in??? d??i?i?n m?king.On th? ?th?r h?nd, the ?t?t?m?nt, “th? d?m?nd f?r milk i? 100 lit?r? ??r d?? ?t a ?ri?? of $4 ??r lit?r in N?w Y?rk Cit?.” provides a clear und?r?t?nding ?f d?m?nd. Supply and demand curves  Source: Macroeconomics in C?nt?xt, First Editi?n b? N?v? G. ?t ?l (M.E. Sh?r??, 2008)Ex???ti?n? t? th? l?w ?f ?u??l? ?nd demandHousing ?nd h??lth ??r? ?r? tw? ?x?m?l?? ?f h?w th? law ?f ?u??l? ?nd d?m?nd does n?t ?lw??? work th? w?? the t?xtb??k? say it should.H?r?? how this l?w is ?u?????d t? fun?ti?n: Wh?n th? demand f?r a g??d ?r service rises, th? fir?t thing that happens i? th?t ?ri??? go u?. This i? b???u??, f?r the m?m?nt, ?t l???t, demand ?x???d? ?u??l?, ?utting ??ll?r? in a ???iti?n t? r?i?? their prices so th?? can earn m?r? d?ll?r? per unit ??ld.However, th? more ?ri??? rise, the more g??d? ?r ??rvi??? will b? ?ff?r?d to bu??r?, since it is obviously m?r? ?r?fit?bl? t? so do. A? a result, n?t ?nl? will ??ll?r? ?r?fit? per unit go u?, ?ut?ut will ?l?? g? u? their ?v?r?ll earnings will, t??.A? th? ?u??l? ?f these g??d? ?nd ??rvi??? ri??? in r????n?? to th??? higher ?ri???, it ?ut? downward ?r???ur? on ?ri???, ?in?? supplies ?t?rt t? ?x???d d?m?nd. Ev?ntu?ll?, th??? ?ri??? come d?wn to a l?v?l that ?l??r? the market ?t th? new high?r level ?f demand ?nd ?v?r?thing i? ??????ti?.In th? ???? ?f h?u?ing ?nd health care, h?w?v?r, th? law ?f ?u??l? and demand does n?t ???r?t? quite as ?m??thl?. As a ??n???u?n??, th?r?? little t? restrain prices fr?m rising in these tw? key ???t?r? of ?ur economy.Th? r?t? ?f infl?ti?n in both sectors has historically b??n w?ll ?b?v? the ???? of ?ri?? hikes ?f just ?b?ut ?v?r?thing ?l?? in the consumers m?rk?t b??k?t because in b?th ?????, higher ?ri??? r??ulting fr?m ri?ing d?m?nd h?? not ?ui?kl? br?ught f?rth m?r? ?u??li??. This i? due t? th? unusual nature ?f these indu?tri??.In th? ???? ?f h??lth ??r?, ?? ??u can im?gin?, it t?k?? years t? gr?du?t? n?w d??t?r?, build new h???it?l?, ?r d?v?l?? new drug?. Thi? is tru? n? matter how fast ?ri??? ri??.Wh?n it ??m?? t? housing, it t?k?? a whil? b?f?r? build?r? ??n ?ut t?g?th?r a ??r??l ?f l?nd, ???ur? th? necessary building ??rmit?, ????mbl? constructi on ?r?w? ?nd ?ur?h??? needed building ?u??li??.And this i? f?r new homes, which ????unt f?r ?nl? ?b?ut ?n? out ?f ?v?r? ?ix homes sold in th? U.S.Exi?ting h?m?? t?k? ?v?n l?ng?r to respond to ri?ing ?ri???, ?in?? th? decision t? ??ll ?n?? h?m? tends to be b???d more on ?u?h f??t?r? ?? job ?h?ng??, desires f?r a n?w lifestyle, divorce or death.Sim?l? put, people ?r? n?t g?ing to ?ut their homes ?n th? m?rk?t ju?t b???u?? it? w?rth m?r?, ?in?? th?? need a ?l??? to liv? (?lth?ugh, ?? w? ?ll know b? now, they h?v? l??rn?d t? t?? thi? in?r????d v?lu? vi? a h?m?-??uit? l??n).A? a result, ?ri??? of b?th h?u?ing ?nd h??lth care tend rise quickly wh?n d?m?nd picks up, ?nd th?? r?m?in high ?v?n ?ft?r ?u??li?? ?v?ntu?ll? expand.But th?r?? ?n? k?? diff?r?n?? b?tw??n h?u?ing ?nd h??lth care, when it comes t? r????nding t? the l?w of ?u??l? and demand.A? we h?v? b??n ???ing f?r th? past ??u?l? ?f ???r?, it i? ????ibl? f?r th? ?u??l? ?f housing t? ?v?r?h??t the demand. S? f?r, w? have not h?d ?u?h a d?v?l??m?nt ???ur in h??lth care. Th?t? wh? h?u?ing ?ri??? ?r? f?lling t?d?? whil? h??lth ??r? costs continue t? ???r.SHIFTS IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR GOODS AND SERVICES Pri?? i? n?t th? only thing that influ?n??? d?m?nd. Nor i? it the ?nl? thing th?t influ?n??? ?u??l?.F?r ?x?m?l?, h?w i? d?m?nd f?r v?g?t?ri?n food affected if, ???, h??lth concerns cause more ??n?um?r? t? avoid ??ting m??t?Or h?w i? th? ?u??l? ?f di?m?nd? ?ff??t?d if di?m?nd producers di???v?r ??v?r?l n?w di?m?nd mines?Wh?t ?r? th? m?j?r f??t?r?, in ?dditi?n t? th? ?ri??, th?t influ?n?? d?m?nd ?r supply?What F??t?r? Aff??t D?m?nd?W? defined d?m?nd ?? the amount of ??m? ?r?du?t a ??n?um?r i? willing and able t? ?ur?h??? ?t ???h price.Th?t ?ugg??t? at l???t tw? f??t?r? in ?dditi?n to ?ri?? th?t ?ff??t demand. Willingn??? t? ?ur?h??? ?ugg??t? a d??ir?, b???d ?n what economists call t??t?? ?nd preferences.If you n?ith?r n??d n?r w?nt ??m?thing, you will not buy it.Ability to ?ur?h??? suggests th?t in??m? i? im??rt?nt. Professors ?r? u?u?ll? ?bl? t? ?ff?rd b?tt?r h?u?ing ?nd transportation th?n students, because th?? have m?r? in??m?. Pri??? of related goods can ?ff??t d?m?nd ?l??.If ??u n??d a n?w ??r, th? ?ri?? ?f a H?nd? m?? ?ff??t your d?m?nd for a Ford. Fin?ll?, th? ?iz? ?r ??m???iti?n ?f th? ???ul?ti?n ??n affect d?m?nd. Th? m?r? children a f?mil? h??, th? gr??t?r th?ir demand f?r clothing. Th? m?r? driving-?g? children a f?mil? h??, th? gr??t?r th?ir d?m?nd f?r ??r insurance, and th? less for diapers and b?b? f?rmul?.Th??? factors m?tt?r b?th for d?m?nd b? an individual ?nd demand by th? m?rk?t as a wh?l?. Exactly h?w do th??? v?ri?u? f??t?r? affect d?m?nd, ?nd h?w d? w? show the effects graphically?To ?n?w?r th??? questions, we n??d th? ??t?ri? ??ribu? ???um?ti?n.The C?t?ri? Paribus A??um?ti?nA d?m?nd ?urv? ?r a ?u??l? ?urv? i? a r?l?ti?n?hi? between tw?, ?nd only two, v?ri?bl??: ?u?ntit? ?n th? h?riz?nt?l ?xi? ?nd ?ri?? ?n th? vertical ?xi?.Th? assumption behind a demand ?urv? ?r a suppl y curve i? th?t n? r?l?v?nt ???n?mi? f??t?r?, other th?n th? ?r?du?t’? ?ri??, ?r? changing.E??n?mi?t? ??ll thi? assumption ??t?ri? ??ribu?, a L?tin phrase m??ning “?th?r things being ??u?l.”An? giv?n demand ?r supply ?urv? i? based ?n the ceteris ??ribu? ???um?ti?n that ?ll else i? held ??u?l.A demand ?urv? or a ?u??l? ?urv? is a r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n two, and only tw?, v?ri?bl?? wh?n ?ll ?th?r v?ri?bl?? ?r? k??t ??n?t?nt. If ?ll ?l?? i? n?t h?ld equal, then the l?w? of ?u??l? ?nd d?m?nd will not n??????ril? h?ld.Oth?r f??t?r? That Influence th? D?m?nd ?f G??d? and ServicesTh? d?m?nd ?h?ng?? ?? a result ?f ?h?ng?? in ?ri??, ?th?r f??t?r? d?t?rmining it b?ing h?ld ??n?t?nt. W? ?h?ll explain below in detail h?w th??? other f??t?r? d?t?rmin? market demand for a ??mm?dit?.Th??? other f??t?r? d?t?rmin? th? position or l?v?l of demand ?urv? ?f a ??mm?dit?.It may b? n?t?d th?t wh?n th?r? i? a change in th??? non-price f??t?r?, the whole curve ?hift? rightward ?r l?ftw?rd ?? the ???? m ?? b?.The f?ll?wing f??t?r? d?t?rmin? m?rk?t d?m?nd for a ??mm?dit?.i. T??t?? ?nd Preferences ?f the ConsumersAn important f??t?r which d?t?rmin?? th? demand f?r a good is the t??t?? and ?r?f?r?n??? of the consumers f?r it.A g??d for which ??n?um?r?’ t??t?? ?nd preferences are greater, its d?m?nd w?uld b? l?rg? ?nd it? demand ?urv? will therefore li? ?t a higher l?v?l. People’s t??t?? ?nd preferences for v?ri?u? g??d? often ?h?ng? ?nd ?? a r??ult there i? ?h?ng? in d?m?nd f?r th?m.Th? changes in d?m?nd f?r various g??d? ???ur du? t? th? ?h?ng?? in f??hi?n and also due to the pressure ?f ?dv?rti??m?nt? b? the m?nuf??tur?r? ?nd sellers ?f diff?r?nt ?r?du?t?.On th? ??ntr?r?, wh?n ??rt?in g??d? go out of f??hi?n ?r ????l?’? t??t?? ?nd ?r?f?r?n??? n? l?ng?r r?m?in favourable to th?m, th? d?m?nd f?r th?m decreases.ii. Income ?f th? P???l?The d?m?nd f?r goods ?l?? d???nd? u??n th? incomes of the ????l?. Th? greater th? incomes ?f th? ????l?, th? greater will b? th?ir demand for g??d? .In dr?wing th? d?m?nd ??h?dul? ?r th? d?m?nd ?urv? f?r a good w? t?k? in??m? ?f th? ????l? as given and ??n?t?nt.Wh?n ?? a result ?f the rise in the in??m? ?f the ????l?, th? d?m?nd increases, th? wh?l? of the d?m?nd ?urv? ?hift? u?w?rd ?nd vice versa.The gr??t?r income means th? gr??t?r ?ur?h??ing power. Therefore, when in??m?? ?f th? ????l? increase, th?? ??n afford to bu? more. It is b???u?? ?f thi? r????n th?t in?r???? in in??m? has a ???itiv? ?ff??t on th? demand f?r a good.Wh?n the incomes ?f th? people f?ll, they w?uld demand l??? ?f a good ?nd ?? a r??ult th? d?m?nd ?urv? will shift d?wnw?rd.F?r in?t?n??, as a r??ult of ???n?mi? gr?wth in Indi? th? incomes ?f th? people h?v? greatly increased owing to the l?rg? inv??tm?nt ?x??nditur? ?n th? d?v?l??m?nt ??h?m?? by th? Government ?nd th? ?riv?t? ???t?r.As a r??ult ?f thi? in?r???? in incomes, th? d?m?nd f?r good grains ?nd ?th?r consumer g??d? h?? gr??tl? in?r????d.Likewise, wh?n b???u?? ?f dr?ught in a ???r the ?gri?ultur? p roduction gr??tl? falls, th? in??m?? ?f th? farmers decline.A? a result ?f th? d??lin? in incomes ?f th? f?rm?r?, th?? will demand l??? ?f the ??tt?n ?l?th ?nd ?th?r m?nuf??tur?d ?r?du?t?.iii. Changes in Pri??? ?f the R?l?t?d G??d?Th? d?m?nd f?r a g??d is ?l?? ?ff??t?d b? th? ?ri??? ?f ?th?r goods, especially those whi?h ?r? related t? it as substitutes ?r ??m?l?m?nt?.When we dr?w th? d?m?nd schedule ?r the demand curve for a good w? t?k? th? ?ri??? of th? related goods ?? r?m?ining constant.Th?r?f?r?, wh?n the ?ri??? of the related goods, substitutes ?r ??m?l?m?nt?, ?h?ng?, th? wh?l? d?m?nd curve would change its ???iti?n; it will ?hift u?w?rd ?r d?wnw?rd ?? th? ???? m?? b?.When the ?ri?? ?f a substitute f?r a g??d f?ll?, th? d?m?nd f?r th?t good will d??lin? ?nd when th? price ?f the substitute ri???, th? demand for th?t good will in?r????.F?r ?x?m?l?, wh?n price ?f tea ?nd in??m?? ?f the ????l? remain the ??m? but the ?ri?? of coffee f?ll?, the ??n?um?r? w?uld demand l??? ?f t?? than before. Tea ?nd ??ff?? ?r? v?r? ?l??? ?ub?titut??.Th?r?f?r?, wh?n ??ff?? b???m?? ?h????r, th? ??n?um?r? substitute ??ff?? for t?? ?nd ?? a result the d?m?nd f?r t?? d??lin??. For g??d? whi?h are complementary with each other, a fall in th? ?ri?? of ?n? ?f them w?uld f?v?r?bl? ?ff??t the d?m?nd f?r th? ?th?r.F?r instance, if price ?f milk falls, th? d?m?nd for ?ug?r w?uld ?l?? b? f?v?r?bl? affected. Wh?n people would t?k? more milk, th? d?m?nd f?r ?ug?r will ?l?? in?r????. Lik?wi??, when the ?ri?? of cars falls, th? ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d ?f them would in?r???? whi?h in turn will in?r???? the demand f?r ??tr?l.iv. Advertisement ExpenditureAdvertisement expenditure m?d? b? a firm t? ?r?m?t? th? ??l?? of it? product i? ?n im??rt?nt f??t?r d?t?rmining demand for a ?r?du?t, especially ?f th? ?r?du?t ?f th? firm which gives advertisements.Th? ?ur???? ?f advertisement i? to influence the ??n?um?r? in favour ?f a product. Adv?rti??m?nt? ?r? given in v?ri?u? m?di? such ?? n?w?????r?, radio, ?nd television.Adv?rti??m?nt? for g??d? ?r? repeated ??v?r?l tim?? ?? that consumers ?r? ??nvin??d ?b?ut their superior quality.When ?dv?rti??m?nt? prove ?u?????ful th?? ??u?? an in?r???? in th? demand f?r the ?r?du?t.v. Th? Number ?f C?n?um?r? in th? M?rk?tTh? m?rk?t demand f?r a commodity is obtained b? ?dding u? th? individu?l d?m?nd? ?f th? present ?? well as ?r?????tiv? ??n?um?r? ?f a g??d at v?ri?u? possible ?ri???. The gr??t?r th? numb?r ?f consumers of a g??d, th? gr??t?r the m?rk?t demand f?r it.N?w, th? question arises ?n what f??t?r? th? numb?r of ??n?um?r? f?r a g??d d???nd?. If th? ??n?um?r? ?ub?titut? ?n? good f?r ?n?th?r, th?n the number of ??n?um?r? f?r th? g??d whi?h h?? been substituted b? the other will d??lin? ?nd f?r the g??d which h?? been u??d in place of th? others, th? numb?r of consumers will in?r????.B??id??, wh?n the seller of a g??d ?u????d? in finding ?ut n?w m?rk?t? f?r his good and ?? a r??ult the m?rk?t f?r his good ?x??nd? the numb?r of ??n?um?r? f? r th?t good will in?r????.An?th?r im??rt?nt ??u?? for th? in?r???? in th? numb?r ?f ??n?um?r? i? the gr?wth in population.F?r in?t?n??, in India th? d?m?nd for m?n? ????nti?l g??d?, especially f??d grains, has in?r????d because ?f the in?r???? in the ???ul?ti?n ?f th? ??untr? ?nd th? resultant increase in the number ?f ??n?um?r? f?r th?m.vi. C?n?um?r?’ Ex???t?ti?n? with R?g?rd t? Futur? Pri???Another f??t?r whi?h influences the d?m?nd for goods is ??n?um?r?’ ?x???t?ti?n? with r?g?rd to futur? ?ri??? ?f th? goods.If du? to ??m? reason, ??n?um?r? ?x???t that in th? n??r future ?ri??? ?f th? goods w?uld ri??, th?n in th? ?r???nt th?? w?uld d?m?nd greater ?u?ntiti?? ?f the g??d? so th?t in th? future they should not have t? pay higher ?ri???.Similarly, when the consumers ?x???t th?t in th? futur? th? prices ?f g??d? will f?ll, th?n in th? ?r???nt they will postpone a part ?f the ??n?um?ti?n of g??d? with th? r??ult th?t th?ir ?r???nt d?m?nd for g??d? will d??r????. Shifts in the demand and supply curve  Source: Macroeconomics in C?nt?xt, First Editi?n b? N?v? G. ?t ?l (M.E. Sh?r??, 2008)In?r???? in D?m?nd ?nd Shifts in D?m?nd CurveWh?n demand changes du? t? the f??t?r? ?th?r th?n price, th?r? i? a ?hift in the wh?l? demand ?urv?.A? mentioned ?b?v?, apart fr?m ?ri??, demand f?r a ??mm?dit? i? d?t?rmin?d b? in??m?? ?f th? ??n?um?r?, his t??t?? and ?r?f?r?n???, ?ri??? ?f r?l?t?d g??d?.Thu?, wh?n there is ?n? change in th??? f??t?r?, it will cause a ?hift in d?m?nd ?urv?.For ?x?m?l?, if incomes ?f the consumers in?r????, ??? du? t? th? hik? in th?ir w?g?? and ??l?ri?? or due t? th? gr?nt ?f dearness ?ll?w?n??, they will d?m?nd more ?f a good, ??? cloth, at ???h ?ri??.Thi? will cause a shift in the demand ?urv? t? the right.Simil?rl?, if preferences ?f the ????l? f?r a ??mm?dit?, say ??l?ur TV, b???m? gr??t?r, th?ir d?m?nd f?r colour TV will in?r????, that i?, th? d?m?nd curve will ?hift t? the right and, therefore, at ???h price they will d?m?nd m ?r? ??l?ur TV.Th? ?th?r im??rt?nt factor whi?h ??n cause an in?r???? in d?m?nd f?r a ??mm?dit? is th? ?x???t?ti?n? ?b?ut future ?ri???.If people expect that ?ri?? ?f a commodity i? likely t? go u? in futur?, they will tr? t? ?ur?h??? the ??mm?dit?, especially a dur?bl? ?n?, in th? ?urr?nt ??ri?d whi?h will boost th? ?urr?nt demand f?r the goods ?nd ??u?? a shift in th? d?m?nd curve t? the right.A? ???n ?b?v?, th? prices ?f r?l?t?d ??mm?diti?? ?u?h as substitutes ?nd complements ??n ?l?? change the d?m?nd f?r a commodity.For example, if the ?ri?? ?f coffee rises other f??t?r? r?m?ining th? ??n?t?nt, this will ??u?? the d?m?nd f?r t??, a substitute f?r ??ff??, t? increase ?nd its demand curve t? ?hift t? the right.D??r???? in Demand ?nd Shift in the D?m?nd Curv?If th?r? ?r? ?dv?r?? ?h?ng?? in the f??t?r? influ?n?ing d?m?nd, it will lead to the d??r???? in d?m?nd ??u?ing a ?hift in th? d?m?nd ?urv?.F?r ?x?m?l?, if due to in?d??u?t? r?inf?ll agricultural productions in a year declines t hi? will ??u?? a f?ll in the in??m?? ?f th? f?rm?r?. Thi? fall in??m?? ?f the f?rm?r? will ??u?? a decrease in th? d?m?nd f?r indu?tri?l products, say cloth, ?nd will r??ult in a ?hift in th? d?m?nd ?urv? to th? l?ft.Simil?rl?, ?h?ng? in preferences for ??mm?diti?? ??n ?l?? affect th? demand. F?r example, when ??l?ur TV? ??m? to Indi? people’s greater preference for them l?d t? the in?r???? in th?ir d?m?nd. But thi? br?ught about d??r???? in d?m?nd for bl??k ?nd whit? TV? causing l?ftw?rd ?hift in d?m?nd curve f?r th??? bl??k ?nd white TV?.Th? d??r???? in d?m?nd d??? not ???ur du? to the rise in ?ri?? but du? t? th? ?h?ng?? in other d?t?rmin?nt? ?f demand.Decrease in d?m?nd for a commodity m?? ???ur due t? the f?ll in th? ?ri??? ?f its ?ub?titut??, rise in the prices ?f ??m?l?m?nt? of th?t commodity ?nd if th? people expect that ?ri?? of a g??d will f?ll in futur?.Other f??t?r? that ?ff??t Su??l? ?f a Pr?du?t other th?n just ?ri??In economics, ?u??l? refers t? the ?u?ntit? of a ?r ?du?t available in th? m?rk?t f?r ??l? at a ????ifi?d ?ri?? at a giv?n ??int ?f time.Unlik? demand, ?u??l? r?f?r? to th? willingn??? of a seller to ??ll th? ????ifi?d amount of a product within a ??rti?ul?r ?ri?? ?nd tim?.Su??l? i? ?lw??? defined in relation t? price ?nd tim?. F?r ?x?m?l?, if a ??ll?r agrees t? sell 500 kg? ?f wh??t, it ??nn?t b? considered ?? supply ?f wh??t ?? the ?ri?? and tim? f??t?r? ?r? mi??ing.Simil?rl?, if a ??ll?r i? r??d? to ??ll 500kgs at a price of 10$ per kg then ?g?in it w?uld n?t b? ??n?id?r?d ?? ?u??l? as the tim? ?l?m?nt i? missing. Th?r?f?r?, th? ?t?t?m?nt “a ??ll?r is willing to ??ll 500kgs ?t th? ?ri?? ?f 10$ ??r kg in a w??k” i? id??l t? understand th? ??n???t ?f ?u??l? as it r?l?t?? ?u??l? with ?ri?? ?nd time.Apart from thi?, the ?u??l? ?l?? d???nd? ?n th? ?t??k ?nd m?rk?t price ?f th? product. St??k ?f a ?r?du?t r?f?r? t? ?u?ntit? of a ?r?du?t available in th? market f?r ??l? within a ????ifi?d ??int ?f tim?.B?th ?t??k ?nd m?rk?t ?ri?? ?f a ?r?du?t ?ff??t it? ?u??l? t? a greater ?xt?nt. If the market ?ri?? is m?r? than th? ???t price, th? ??ll?r w?uld in?r???? th? ?u??l? of a ?r?du?t in the m?rk?t. However, th? d??r???? in market ?ri?? ?? ??m??r?d to cost ?ri?? would r?du?? th? ?u??l? ?f product in the m?rk?t.F?r example Mr. X h?? 100kg? of a product. He ?x???t? the minimum ?ri?? to be 30$ ??r kg ?nd th? m?rk?t price i? 35$ per kg.Therefore h? w?uld r?l???? ??rt?in ?m?unt ?f th? product, ??? ?r?und 50kg? in th? m?rk?t, but w?uld not r?l???? the wh?l? ?m?unt.Th? reason b?ing h? would w?it for b?tt?r rates for hi? ?r?du?t. In such a ????, th? ?u??l? ?f hi? ?r?du?t would b? 50kgs at 35$ ??r kg.Determinants ?f Su??l?Supply ??n be influenced by a number ?f f??t?r? that ?r? t?rm?d ?? determinants of ?u??l?. G?n?r?ll?, the ?u??l? of a ?r?du?t depends ?n it? ?ri?? ?nd cost ?f ?r?du?ti?n. In ?im?l? t?rm?, ?u??l? i? th? fun?ti?n ?f ?ri?? and ???t of ?r?du?ti?n.Some ?f th? factors th?t influ?n?? the supply ?f a ?r?du?t ?r? desc ribed ?? f?ll?w?:i. PriceR?f?r? t? the m?in f??t?r th?t influ?n??? the ?u??l? ?f a ?r?du?t t? a gr??t?r ?xt?nt. Unlik? d?m?nd, th?r? i? a direct r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n the price of a ?r?du?t and it? supply.If th? ?ri?? ?f a product in?r?????, then th? supply ?f the ?r?du?t also in?r????? and vi?? v?r??. Change in ?u??l? with respect to th? change in price i? t?rm?d ?? th? v?ri?ti?n in supply of a ?r?du?t.Speculation about futur? price can also ?ff??t th? supply ?f a ?r?du?t. If th? ?ri?? ?f a product is ?b?ut t? ri?? in future, th? supply ?f the product w?uld d??r???? in th? ?r???nt m?rk?t b???u?? of the profit ?x???t?d by a ??ll?r in futur?.However, th? f?ll in th? ?ri?? ?f a ?r?du?t in future w?uld in?r???? the ?u??l? of ?r?du?t in th? ?r???nt market.ii. Co?t ?f Pr?du?ti?nIm?li?? th?t th? supply ?f a ?r?du?t w?uld d??r???? with in?r???? in th? cost ?f ?r?du?ti?n ?nd vi?? versa. The ?u??l? ?f a product ?nd ???t of ?r?du?ti?n ?r? inv?r??l? related t? ???h ?th?r. F?r example, a ??ll?r w?uld supply less ?u?ntit? of a ?r?du?t in th? m?rk?t, wh?n th? ???t ?f production exceeds th? m?rk?t ?ri?? ?f the ?r?du?t.In ?u?h a case th? ??ll?r w?uld wait f?r the rise in ?ri?? in future. Th? ???t ?f ?r?du?ti?n ri??? du? t? ??v?r?l f??t?r?, such ?? l??? of f?rtilit? of l?nd, high wage r?t?? of l?b?r, ?nd in?r???? in the ?ri??? ?f raw material, tr?n???rt cost, ?nd tax rate.iii. N?tur?l C?nditi?n?Implies th?tclimatic conditions dir??tl? ?ff??t the ?u??l? ?f ??rt?in products.For ?x?m?l?, th? ?u??l? of ?gri?ultur?l products in?r????? when m?n???n ??m?? ?n time.H?w?v?r, th? supply ?f these products decreases at the time ?f dr?ught. Some ?f th? ?r??? ?r? ?lim?t? specific ?nd th?ir gr?wth ?ur?l? depends ?n ?lim?ti? ??nditi?n?.iv. TechnologyRefers to ?n? of th? important determinant of ?u??l?. A b?tt?r ?nd ?dv?n??d t??hn?l?g? in?r????? th? ?r?du?ti?n ?f a ?r?du?t, whi?h r??ult? in th? in?r???? in the ?u??l? of th? ?r?du?t.F?r example, th? ?r?du?ti?n of f?rtiliz?r? ?nd good ?u?lit? seed s increases th? ?r?du?ti?n ?f crops.Thi? further in?r???? th? ?u??l? ?f f??d gr?in? in th? m?rk?t.v. Tr?n???rt ConditionsRefer to th? f??t th?t b?tt?r transport f??iliti?? in?r???? th? ?u??l? of products. Tr?n???rt is ?lw??? a ??n?tr?int t? th? supply ?f ?r?du?t?, ?? th? products ?r? not ?v?il?bl? ?n tim? du? to ???r tr?n???rt facilities. Th?r?f?r? even if th? price ?f a product in?r?????, th? ?u??l? would n?t in?r????.In Indi? ??ll?r? u?u?ll? u?? road tr?n???rt ?nd th? poorly m?int?in?d r??d m?k?? it difficult t? reach the destination ?n tim? th? products that ?r? manufactured in ?n? part ?f th? ?it? n??d to b? spread in th? wh?l? ??untr? thr?ugh r??d tr?n???rt.Thi? may r??ult in th? d?m?g? of m??t ?f th? ?r?du?t? during th? journey, which ??n ??u?? h??v? l??? for a seller. In ?dditi?n th? ??ll?r ??n also lose hi?/h?r customers b???u?? ?f th? delay in. the d?liv?r? ?f products.vi. Factor Prices ?nd th?ir Av?il?bilit?A?t ?? ?n? ?f the m?j?r determinant of ?u??l?. Th? in?ut?, ?u?h ?? raw m?t?ri?l m?n, ??ui?m?nt, ?nd machines, r??uir?d ?t the time ?f ?r?du?ti?n are t?rm?d as f??t?r?.If th? factors ?r? ?v?il?bl? in ?uffi?i?nt ?u?ntit? and ?t lower price, th?n there w?uld b? in?r???? in ?r?du?ti?n.This would in?r???? the ?u??l? of a ?r?du?t in th? m?rk?t. F?r ?x?m?l?, availability of ?h??? l?b?r and raw material nearby th? manufacturing plant ?f an ?rg?niz?ti?n w?uld h?l? in r?du?ing th? labor and tr?n???rt?ti?n ???t?.Consequently, the production and supply of the ?r?du?t w?uld in?r????.vii. G?v?rnm?nt’? P?li?i??Im?li?? th?t the diff?r?nt ??li?i?? ?f g?v?rnm?nt, ?u?h ?? fiscal ??li?? ?nd indu?tri?l policy, has a greater impact ?n the ?u??l? ?f a ?r?du?t.For ?x?m?l?, in?r???? in t?x ?n duti?? would decrease th? ?u??l? ?f a ?r?du?t.On the other h?nd, if th? tax r?t? i? low, then th? supply ?f a ?r?du?t w?uld increase.viii. Pri??? of Related G??d?R?f?r t? fact th?t th? ?ri??? ?f ?ub?titut?? ?nd ??m?l?m?nt?r? goods ?l?? ?ff??t th? supply ?f a product.For ?x?m?l?, if the ?ri?? of wh??t increases, th?n f?rm?r? would t?nd t? gr?w more wheat th?n n??.Thi? w?uld decrease the supply of rice in the m?rk?t.EQUILIBRIUM WHERE DEMAND AND SUPPLY INTERSECTBecause th? graphs f?r d?m?nd and ?u??l? ?urv?? b?th h?v? ?ri?? on th? v?rti??l ?xi? ?nd ?u?ntit? ?n th? h?riz?nt?l axis, the d?m?nd ?urv? ?nd supply ?urv? for a ??rti?ul?r good ?r ??rvi?? ??n ?????r ?n th? ??m? gr??h.Together, demand ?nd supply d?t?rmin? the ?ri?? ?nd the ?u?ntit? that will b? b?ught and sold in a market. Source: Macroeconomics in C?nt?xt, First Editi?n b? N?v? G. ?t ?l (M.E. Sh?r??, 2008)R?m?mb?r thi?: When tw? lin?? on a di?gr?m cross, thi? intersection u?u?ll? means ??m?thing. The point where the ?u??l? ?urv? (S) and th? d?m?nd ?urv? (D) cross, designated by ??int E i? ??ll?d th? equilibrium.Th? ??uilibrium ?ri?? i? th? ?nl? ?ri?? where the plans ?f ??n?um?r? ?nd th? ?l?n? ?f ?r?du??r? agreeâ€"that i?, wh?r? the amount ?f the ?r?du?t consumers w?nt t? bu? (?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d) i? equal t? the ?m?unt producers w?nt t? sell (?u?ntit? supplied).Thi? ??mm?n ?u?ntit? is ??ll?d the equilibrium quantity. At ?n? other ?ri??, th? ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d d??? n?t equal th? ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d, so th? m?rk?t i? n?t in equilibrium at th?t ?ri??.Th? equilibrium price i? $1.40 per gallon ?f g???lin? and th? ??uilibrium ?u?ntit? is 600 million g?ll?n?.If ??u h?d ?nl? th? d?m?nd ?nd ?u??l? ??h?dul??, and n?t th? gr??h, ??u ??uld find th? equilibrium b? l??king f?r th? ?ri?? l?v?l on the t?bl?? wh?r? th? qua ntity d?m?nd?d ?nd th? ?u?ntit? supplied ?r? ??u?l.Th? word “??uilibrium” means “balance.” If a m?rk?t i? ?t it? ??uilibrium price and ?u?ntit?, th?n it has n? reason t? move away from th?t ??int. H?w?v?r, if a market i? n?t at ??uilibrium, th?n economic ?r???ur?? ?ri?? t? m?v? th? market toward th? equilibrium ?ri?? ?nd th? equilibrium ?u?ntit?.Im?gin?, for ?x?m?l?, th?t the ?ri?? ?f a g?ll?n ?f g???lin? was ?b?v? the ??uilibrium ?ri??â€"th?t i?, instead ?f $1.40 per g?ll?n, the ?ri?? i? $1.80 per g?ll?n. This above-equilibrium ?ri?? i? illustrated b? the d??h?d horizontal lin? at th? price ?f $1.80.At this high?r price, th? ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d dr??? fr?m 600 t? 500. Thi? decline in ?u?ntit? r?fl??t? how consumers r???t t? the high?r price b? finding w??? to use l??? gasoline.Moreover, ?t thi? high?r ?ri?? of $1.80, th? ?u?ntit? of g???lin? ?u??li?d rises fr?m the 600 to 680, ?? th? higher price makes it m?r? ?r?fit?bl? f?r gasoline producers t? expand th?ir output.N?w, ??n?i d?r how ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d and ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d i? r?l?t?d ?t thi? ?b?v?-??uilibrium ?ri??.Quantity demanded has fallen t? 500 g?ll?n?, whil? quantity supplied h?? ri??n to 680 g?ll?n?. In f??t, ?t ?n? above-equilibrium price, th? ?u?ntit? supplied ?x???d? the ?u?ntit? d?m?nd?d. W? ??ll thi? ?n excess ?u??l? or a ?ur?lu?.With a ?ur?lu?, gasoline ???umul?t?? at g?? stations, in tanker tru?k?, in pipelines, and ?t ?il refineries. Thi? ???umul?ti?n ?ut? pressure on gasoline ??ll?r?. If a ?ur?lu? remains un??ld, those firm? inv?lv?d in m?king ?nd ??lling g???lin? are n?t r???iving ?n?ugh ???h to pay th?ir w?rk?r? and to ??v?r their ?x??n???.In this ?itu?ti?n, some producers ?nd ??ll?r? will want t? ?ut prices, because it i? better t? ??ll ?t a lower ?ri?? th?n n?t t? sell at ?ll.Once some sellers start cutting ?ri???, ?th?r? will f?ll?w t? ?v?id losing ??l??. Th??? price r?du?ti?n? in turn will ?timul?t? a higher quantity demanded.S?, if th? ?ri?? i? ?b?v? th? ??uilibrium l?v?l, incenti ves built into th? ?tru?tur? ?f d?m?nd and ?u??l? will create pressures for the ?ri?? to f?ll t?w?rd th? equilibrium.Now ?u????? that the ?ri?? i? below its equilibrium l?v?l ?t $1.20 per g?ll?n, ?? th? d??h?d h?riz?nt?l lin? ?t this price.At thi? l?w?r ?ri??, th? quantity d?m?nd?d in?r????? from 600 t? 700 as drivers t?k? longer trips, spend m?r? minutes w?rming up th? car in th? driv?w?? in wint?rtim?, stop ?h?ring rid?? to work, and buy l?rg?r ??r? th?t g?t f?w?r miles t? th? g?ll?n.H?w?v?r, th? below-equilibrium price r?du??? g???lin? ?r?du??r?’ incentives to ?r?du?? ?nd ??ll gasoline, and the ?u?ntit? ?u??li?d f?ll? fr?m 600 to 550.When th? ?ri?? i? b?l?w ??uilibrium, th?r? i? excess d?m?nd, ?r a ?h?rt?g?â€"th?t i?, ?t th? given ?ri?? th? ?u?ntit? demanded, which has b??n ?timul?t?d by the l?w?r price, n?w ?x???d? the quantity ?u??li?d, whi?h h?d been d??r????d b? the l?w?r price. In thi? ?itu?ti?n, ??g?r gasoline bu??r? mob the g?? ?t?ti?n?, ?nl? t? find m?n? ?t?ti?n? runnin g short ?f fuel.Oil ??m??ni?? ?nd gas stations recognize th?t th?? h?v? ?n opportunity t? m?k? high?r profits by ??lling what g???lin? they have ?t a high?r ?ri??. A? a r??ult, th? ?ri?? rises t?w?rd th? ??uilibrium level.

Discrimination Against Women s Rights - 1543 Words

Alexandra Heck Contemp Perspectives Raju Parrakkal 13 October 2015 Women’s Rights Discrimination against women has been a phenomenon for centuries, lack of women’s rights and equality is a long overdue issue that needs to be abolished. The need to make a concrete connection between human rights and women’s rights is ironic considering that one half of the global population is female (Hawkins 1). Gender inequality is the pressing current human rights issue, including disparities in education, employment, healthcare, power and decision-making, violence, and poverty that impacts billions of women and girls from every part of the world throughout their lifetime (UN Statistical Division, 2010; UN Women, 2011a). The United Nations has extended efforts for growing global rights effort to compensated the deeply rooted gender inequality (Hawkins 1). This paper addresses gender based inequality and current global human rights initiatives focused on women, and action taken by women and human rights defenders (Hawkins 1). While human rights violations can affect all groups, including women (1), â€Å"women’s issues† are not the same as â€Å"gender issues,† although the terms are often used interchangeably (1). In its annual report, the UN Population Fund note that gender inequality works to the disadvantages of both women and men through impeding the growth of individuals, the development of countries, and the evolution of societies (UN Statistical Division, 2010, UN Women, 2000). Women’sShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Women s Rights1410 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, discrimination against women is something that many people have learned to overcome, but accepting and forgiving discrimination is another story. This will continue throughout the future years until males learn to share. 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Financial Statement Analysis Marico Bangladesh Limited...

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS PROJECT Financial statement analysis: Marico Bangladesh Limited and ACI Formulation Limited The objective of this project is to link theory with applications in the real world by requiring students to analyze financial statements of actual companies listed in either the DSE or CSE. This project provides the opportunity to use corporate financial statements of actual companies for the purpose of analyzing the financial condition and trend indicators from the viewpoints of a potential investor, lending institution (bank), and the company’s top management. Developed by Sadek Jake Alam sadekjake@technoflame.com Marico Bangladesh limited (MBL:Dhaka) and ACI Formulation Ltd (ACIF:Dhaka) are both listed under the†¦show more content†¦ACIF Total Current Assets Total Current Liabilities Current Ratio MBL Total Current Assets Total Current Liabilities Current Ratio 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 EXHIBIT 1.0 Profitability Ratios 1. Return on Assets 2. Return on Equity 3. Return on Capital Margin Analysis 1. Gross Margin 2. Levered Free Cash Flow Margin 3. EBITDA Margin Asset Turnover Analysis 1. Total Asset Turnover 2. Accounts Receivable Turnover 3. Fixed Assets Turnover 4. Inventory Turnover Credit Ratios 1. Current Ratio 2. Quick Ratio Long Term Solvency 1. Total Debt/Equity 2. Total Liabilities/Total Assets Growth over Prior Year 1. Total Revenue 2. Tangible Book Value 3. EBITDA 4. Gross Profit 5. Receivables 6. Inventory 7. Capital Expenditures 8. Diluted EPS before extra 9. Cash from Operations 10. Levered Free Cash Flow Financial Statements For ACI Formulation Ltd (ACIF) Income Statements Dec 31 2008 As of: BDT Dec 31 2009 Restated BDT Dec 31 2010 BDT Currency in Millions of Bangladesh Taka Revenues Total Revenues Cost Of Goods Sold Gross Profit Selling General Admin Expenses, Total RD Expenses Depreciation Amortization, Total Other Operating Expenses Other Operating Expenses, Total Operating Income Interest Expense Interest And Investment Income Net Interest Expense Other Non-Operating Income (Expenses) Ebt, Excluding Unusual Items Other Unusual Items, Total Ebt, Including Unusual Items Income Tax Expense Earnings From Continuing Operations Net Income Net

Michael Vick Case Free Essays

On April 25, 2007, agents raided the Surry County, Virginia home owned by Michael Vick, NFL’s Atlanta Falcons quarterback. The authorities reportedly discovered 66 dogs, 55 of them being pit bulls, blood stained carpet, a dog fighting pit, and equipment which is commonly used in dog fighting rings such as dog treadmills and scales, a pry bar used to open a dog’s mouth and an instrument used for breeding. At the time of the raid, Vick was not present at his home but denied having knowledge of dog fighting taking place on his property. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Vick Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now On July 17, 2007, a federal jury indicted Vick as well as three other men, Purnell Peace, Quanis Phillips, and Tony Taylor on charges of competitive dog fighting, procuring and training pits to fight, operating an unlawful interstate dog fighting business by the name of Bad Newz Kennels. The four codefendants each face $350,000 in fines and six years in prison if convicted of the federal charges. According to reports, Michael Vick had been staging dog fights since his rookie year with the Falcons in 2001. The dogs found on the property were treated in a horrific manner. Losing dogs were either killed in the arena during the fight or at times they were later hung, electrocuted, shot or drowned. As part of their training to get them ready for fights the dogs were sometimes starved to make them hungry for the fight. On August 24, 2007 Vick entered a plea deal where he pled guilty to â€Å"conspiracy in a dog fighting ring and agreeing that the enterprise included killing pit bulls and gambling. He denied making side bets on the fights, but admitted to bankrolling them. (ESPN) He also admitted to sharing the proceeds from the dog fights with his Peace, Phillips, and Taylor but states that he never placed any bets or collected prize money for the fights. Vick was the last of his counterparts to enter into a plea deal with the prosecution. On December 10, 2007 Michael Vick was sentenced to 23 months in prison and three years’ probation at U. S. District Court in Richmond by Judge E. Henry Hudson for running a dog fighting operation. He will serve a longer sentence than two of his codefendants because he lied about his involvement upon ntering his plea agreement when he was supposed to be admitting to his wrong doing and accepting responsibility for his actions. According to his codefendants, Vick was more involved in the dog fights than he admitted to being. On November 30, Peace and Phillips were sentenced by Judge Hudson to 18 and 21 months in federal prison. Their punishments also included three years of supervised probation following their release from prison. On December 14, 2007, Tony Taylor, who was the first of the four men to plead guilty, received a lesser sentence of 60 days in jail because he agreed to testify against Vick. Michael Vick was released from prison on July 20, 2009. After his release from prison, Michael Vick is to start his three year probation term. As part of his probation, Vick was equipped with an electronic monitor and had to perform $10-an-hour job as a laborer for a construction company. Michael Vick is currently still on probation but he is now able to play football again and no longer has to work the construction job. Works Cited http://sports. espn. go. com/nfl/news/story? id=2989824 http://articles. cnn. com/2007-07-17/us/vick_1_bad-newz-kennels-dogfighting-investigation-quanis-phillips? _s=PM:US How to cite Michael Vick Case, Essay examples

Middle Class and Hard Work free essay sample

In life, all individuals want to stand out. They want to be the diamond in the rough, but only a few of them can ever be such a thing. According to Malcolm Gladwell, in his book Outliers, he asserts that individuals who are granted opportunities and advantages, which not everybody is given by fate, are more successful. He implicates that opportunity, hard work, birthdate, 10,000 hours rule, and the background of the person are essential factors when being an outlier. Out of these aspects, working hard would have to be the one factor that surpasses the rest in this scenario. Malcolm Gladwell emphasizes many characteristics on what being an outlier is. The most important is hard work, â€Å" [for] if you work hard enough and assert yourself, and use your mind and imagination, you can shape the world to your desires†(151). Without hard work, nothing will ever be accomplishable. Tonina Hoang, a McDonald’s franchisee, writes, â€Å"I work hard to ensure that they stay motivated and develop their careers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nothing ever comes without having to work for it. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Class and Hard Work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Everyone who is famous, or a doctor, or a lawyer has gotten through the baby steps and have overcome many obstacles to reach where they are now. Gladwell states that, â€Å"No one who can rise before the dawn three hundred sixty days a year fails to make his family rich†(137), further emphasizing that success is achievable if hard work is put in. Hard work will eventually pay off in the end. â€Å"A Success Story† an article in the Infotrac Newsstand claims that â€Å"hard work, patience and dedication helped [Muhammad Ayub of Wasa] become assistant director (legal) from a junior pump operator. † Always have optimism because one may think people do not notice what one does, but in fact, everyone notices whether one is putting effort or just going through the motions. Gladwell touches on how â€Å"We overlook just how large a role we all playand by we I mean societyin determining who makes it and who doesnt†(33). Sometimes people do not see how big of an impact they have to the society, but everyone is essential in order for the society to function properly. Gladwell fortifies diligence when he asserts â€Å"Hard work is only a prison sentence when you lack motivation†(42). In order to be successful, the individual must have the motivation to pursue their ambitions without feeling obligated to. Although working hard is a critical aspect in becoming an outlier, there are other factors that are important but not as critical. Gladwell claims â€Å"It comes from our time: from the particular opportunities that our place in history presents us with†(58). People are given different opportunities; they all depend on the time one was born and how each and everyone’s background began. Not everyone had the same openings. For example, a lower class family would not have had the same chances as a middle class family. Gladwell affirms, â€Å"Its knowledge that helps you read situations correctly and get what you want†(87). Being highly intelligent is perhaps another key factor in becoming an outlier, for not being so, one would not have as much success as others. However, none of these things would ever be possible if one does not push oneself and commit to work harder than others. Outliers play a huge role on society. If we did not have them, some of the high quality corporate items, like Apple products, would have never been created. Success does not come as easy as it may seem. However, if one decided to stand out from the rest of society with Gladwell’s guidelines, they could possibly become the next outlier. Outliers are not just born out of the blue (although some may be); they work hard, take the opportunities when they are given the chance, and overcome their social status.

Free Essays on Effective Teaching

that begin with the letter â€Å"b† or emphasizing nursery rhymes). The authors also discuss that it is important to keep students busy by providing them with activities that are going to be challenging. Key Points In this article, several important strategies regarding effective teaching of literacy are addressed. They include: 1. Classroom Organization – The teacher should use a combination of whole class, group and individual teaching. The article suggests that it is important to group students according to the needs of the students in the group. The teacher needs to organize the literacy lesson to accomplish that goal. 2. Task Setting – The teacher needs to prepare the lesson plans well and provide challenges to students to gain new skills and knowledge about literacy. 3. Task Content – The teacher needs to be aware of each student’s ability and try to match the needs of each student appropriately. 4. Teaching Skills – The teacher should spend the majority of classroom time teaching students and observing their works. 5. Pace – The teacher needs to learn what reading ability each student has. Then, the teacher needs to develop a pace for the students to learn. 6. Modeling – The teacher should demonstrate literacy by reading out loud to the students, demonstrating enjoyment for writing and reading. 7. Teacher-Pupil Interactions – The teacher can help the student by interacting, observing and providing feedbac... Free Essays on Effective Teaching Free Essays on Effective Teaching Fox, R., Medwell, J., Poulson, L., & Wray, D. (2000). The teaching practices of effective teachers of literacy. Education Review, 52, 75-84. Summary I reviewed a journal article entitled, The Teaching Practices of Effective Teachers of Literacy (Fox, Medall, Poulson, & Wray, 2000). In this article the authors discuss effective teaching practices of literacy teachers. These practices include assisting students in making connections between text, sentences or words (for example, writing words that begin with the letter â€Å"b† or emphasizing nursery rhymes). The authors also discuss that it is important to keep students busy by providing them with activities that are going to be challenging. Key Points In this article, several important strategies regarding effective teaching of literacy are addressed. They include: 1. Classroom Organization – The teacher should use a combination of whole class, group and individual teaching. The article suggests that it is important to group students according to the needs of the students in the group. The teacher needs to organize the literacy lesson to accomplish that goal. 2. Task Setting – The teacher needs to prepare the lesson plans well and provide challenges to students to gain new skills and knowledge about literacy. 3. Task Content – The teacher needs to be aware of each student’s ability and try to match the needs of each student appropriately. 4. Teaching Skills – The teacher should spend the majority of classroom time teaching students and observing their works. 5. Pace – The teacher needs to learn what reading ability each student has. Then, the teacher needs to develop a pace for the students to learn. 6. Modeling – The teacher should demonstrate literacy by reading out loud to the students, demonstrating enjoyment for writing and reading. 7. Teacher-Pupil Interactions – The teacher can help the student by interacting, observing and providing feedbac...

Definition and Examples of Baby Talk

Definition and Examples of Baby Talk Baby talk refers to the simple language forms used by young children, or the modified form of speech often used by adults with young children. Also known as motherese or caregiver speech. Early research talked of motherese, notes Jean Aitchison. This left out fathers and friends, so caretaker speech became the fashionable term, later amended to caregiver speech, and in academic publications, to CDS child-directed speech Examples and Observations Eloise Robinson and John Redhead Froome, Jr. As I mounted the porch steps I could hear Miss Altheas voice through the open window. She was apparently, I regret to say, speaking to Mabel, for her words had a soft, cooing sound and were such that, were it not for the sake of veracity, I should be inclined to omit them. Is muvvers ittle cutey takin its ittle beauty nap after its din-din? Did it like its din-din? Good din-din with chicken in it for ittle cutey baby! Thats right, take its ittle beauty nap till its muvver turns down. She wont be longwont be long! Muvvers ittle sleepin beauty, ittle cutey beauty! There was more of the same or a similar, variety to which my decisive ring at the door-bell put a hasty end. –Dead Dog, 1918 Lawrence Balter Linguists who have studied the structure of baby talk words have pointed out that there are some typical sound change rules that relate the baby talk word to its adult equivalent. For instance, reduction of the word to a shorter form is common, as is reduplication of the short form, hence, words such as din din and bye bye. It is not clear, however, how some baby talk words were derived: no simple rule explains how rabbits turned into bunnies.Although there is a traditional baby talk vocabulary, almost any word in English can be turned into a baby talk word by the addition of a diminutive ending, -ie: foot becomes footie, shirt becomes shirtie, and so forth. These diminutive endings convey affectionate as well as size connotations. –Parenthood in America., 2000 Sara Thorne Baby words like doggie or moo-cow do not help a child to learn language more efficiently. The reduplication of sounds in words like baba and dada, on the other hand, does enable babies to communicate because the words are easy to say. –Mastering Advanced English Language, 2008 Charles A. Ferguson [T]he reduplication in baby talk is generally separate and unrelated to the use in the normal language. Reduplication can probably be regarded as a feature of baby talk throughout the world. –Baby Talk in Six Languages, 1996 J. Madeleine Nash When speaking to babies, Stanford University psychologist Anne Fernald has found, mothers and fathers from many cultures change their speech patterns in the same peculiar ways. They put their faces very close to the child, she reports. They use shorter utterances, and they speak in an unusually melodious fashion. –Fertile Minds, 1997 Jean Aitchison Caregiver speech can be odd. Some parents are more concerned with truth than with language. The ill-formed Daddy hat on might meet with approval, Yes, thats right, if daddy was wearing a hat. But the well-formed Daddys got a hat on might meet with disapproval, No, thats wrong, if daddy wasnt wearing a hat. You might expect children to grow up telling the truth, but speaking ungrammatically, as some early researchers pointed out. In fact, the opposite happens. –The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words, 1997 Debra L. Roter and Judith A. Hall Caporael (1981) focused on the use of displaced baby talk to the institutionalized elderly. Baby talk is a simplified speech pattern with distinctive paralinguistic features of high pitch and exaggerated intonation contour that is usually associated with speech to young children. More than 22% of speech to residents in one nursing home was identified as baby talk. Further, even talk from caregivers to the elderly that was not identified as baby talk was more likely to be judged as directed toward a child than was talk between caregivers. The investigators concluded that this phenomenon is widespread and that baby talk directed toward elderly adults was not a result of fine tuning of speech to individual needs or characteristics of a particular patient, but rather a function of social stereotyping of the elderly. –Doctors Talking With Patients/Patients Talking With Doctors, 2006 Topher Grace (as Eric) You know, mom, there comes an age in a boys life when the baby talk stops working. Yeah, when it does, it just gives a boy the urge to kill. –That 70s Show, 2006